What precise information does a global positioning system provide?

A global positioning system (GPS) provides the exact geographical position at any point on the globe by using a network of satellites that transmit signals to GPS receivers. These signals allow the receiver to calculate its exact location in terms of latitude and longitude, typically with a high degree of accuracy. This capability makes GPS an essential tool for navigation in aviation, helping pilots determine their precise flight path and location over the terrestrial landscape.

The other options do not accurately describe the primary function of GPS. While GPS can be used in conjunction with other systems to estimate altitude, it does not directly provide weather conditions or information about traffic patterns at nearby airports. Those aspects require additional systems or sources, such as weather radar or air traffic control communications. The core competency of GPS lies solely in pinpointing geographical locations on the Earth's surface.